Yucatán’s surprising historical connection to the feminist movement
The history of feminism is deeply intertwined with Yucatán’s social, political, and cultural evolution, especially since the Mexican Revolution.
From the early struggles for women’s suffrage to contemporary movements advocating for gender equality and justice, Mexican feminism has been shaped by the contributions of remarkable individuals and pivotal events. Within this national struggle, the state of Yucatán stands out as a pioneering region where feminist ideals took root early and flourished, leaving an indelible mark on the nation’s history.
The Roots of Mexican Feminism
The origins of feminism in Mexico can be traced back to the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a period marked by profound social change. During the Porfiriato — the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz — women began to challenge traditional gender roles, particularly in urban areas. Educated women from middle- and upper-class families started to demand access to education, employment, and political participation.
One of the earliest feminist voices was Juana Belén Gutiérrez de Mendoza, a journalist and activist who used her writing to advocate for women’s rights and social justice. Her work laid the groundwork for future generations of feminists. The Mexican Revolution (1910–1920) further catalyzed the feminist movement. Women, known as soldaderas, played critical roles in the conflict, not only as caregivers but also as fighters and strategists.
The Adelita, a powerful symbol of the revolutionary woman, became iconic for their contributions but remains romanticized and overlooked in official historical accounts. The revolution’s aftermath saw the emergence of Mexico’s first feminist organizations, including El Consejo Feminista Mexicano, or Mexican Feminist Council, which fought for women’s suffrage and labor rights.
Yucatán: A Feminist Vanguard
While feminism was gaining momentum across Mexico, Yucatán emerged as a trailblazer in the fight for gender equality. In the early 20th century, the state became a hub of progressive thought, largely due to the progressive leadership of Gov. Salvador Alvarado, a revolutionary general who implemented sweeping social reforms. Alvarado recognized the importance of women’s rights and actively supported feminist initiatives. Under his administration, Yucatán hosted the first two Feminist Congresses in 1916, groundbreaking events that brought together women from diverse backgrounds to discuss issues such as education, labor rights, and suffrage.
One of the most prominent figures at these congresses was Elvia Carrillo Puerto, often referred to as the “Red Nun” for her socialist ideals and tireless activism. Elvia, along with her brother Felipe Carrillo Puerto, who later became governor of Yucatán, championed women’s rights and social justice. Elvia was instrumental in organizing women’s leagues and advocating for their political participation. Her efforts bore fruit in 1923 when Yucatán became the first state in Mexico to grant women the right to vote and run for office. This milestone was a testament to the state’s progressive spirit and commitment to gender equality.
Mid-20th Century: Challenges and Progress
Despite these early victories, the feminist movement in Mexico faced significant obstacles in the mid-20th century. The conservative backlash of the 1940s and 1950s stifled many gains during the revolutionary period. However, the 1960s and 1970s saw a resurgence of feminist activism fueled by global movements and the growing awareness of gender inequality. Mexican feminists began to address issues such as reproductive rights, domestic violence, and workplace discrimination.
In Yucatán, the legacy of early feminism continued to inspire new generations of activists. Women in the state played key roles in national movements while also addressing local issues such as indigenous women’s rights and environmental justice. The region’s unique history of feminist leadership remained a source of pride and motivation.
Contemporary Feminism in Mexico and Yucatán
The movement has expanded to include intersectional perspectives, recognizing the interconnectedness of gender, race, class, and sexuality. Grassroots organizations, social media campaigns, and mass protests have brought issues like femicide, sexual harassment, and reproductive rights to the forefront of public discourse. The chant “¡Ni una más!” (Not one more!) has become a rallying cry against gender-based violence, which remains a critical issue in Mexico.
Organizations like Equis: Justicia para las Mujeres work to empower women and advocate for their rights. The state has also seen a growing movement to preserve and celebrate the contributions of historical figures like Elvia Carrillo Puerto, ensuring that their legacy inspires future generations.
While significant progress has been made, challenges remain. Gender-based violence, economic inequality, and political underrepresentation are persistent issues that demand continued attention and action. However, the resilience and determination of Mexican feminists, both past and present, offer hope for a more equitable future. Over the past few years, trans women have become a lot more visible in the struggle for equality, though not all feminist collectives are on board with their new allies.
Like in large swaths of the world, the word feminism itself has been redefined time and time again — feminism in Yucatán and Mexico continues to do so as well. Protests turned violent, and vandalism across Mexico, especially on March 8, International Women’s day have turned considerable numbers of people away from the movement, but it’s important to understand feminism is not a monolith and, like any other social force, will pursue its agenda through a variety of means.
The history of feminism in Mexico, and particularly in Yucatán, is a testament to the power of collective action and the enduring belief in the possibility of change. From the pioneering efforts of Elvia Carrillo Puerto to the vibrant activism of today, the journey of Mexican feminism is a story of courage, resilience, and hope.
Born in Yucatán, Yesica Benitez Chan is a marketer, avid gardener, softball player, baker, and a great lover of Yucatecan culture and cuisine.
